Carbon and its Compounds Class 10 Science — Revision Notes
This chapter focuses on carbon, its unique properties, and the vast variety of compounds it forms. Students learn about covalent bonding, carbon chains, an
TL;DR: This chapter focuses on carbon, its unique properties, and the vast variety of compounds it forms. Students learn about covalent bonding, carbon chain…
Written & reviewed by the Syllab.in Academic Team (CBSE/NCERT subject experts) · Updated
This chapter focuses on carbon, its unique properties, and the vast variety of compounds it forms. Students learn about covalent bonding, carbon chains, an
Bonding in Carbon
- Carbon has 4 valence electrons and forms 4 covalent bonds
- Covalent bonds are formed by sharing of electrons
- Carbon can form single, double, and triple bonds
- Tetravalency and catenation allow formation of diverse compounds
Hydrocarbons
- Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms
- Saturated hydrocarbons have single bonds: alkanes (CnH2n+2)
- Unsaturated hydrocarbons have double or triple bonds: alkenes (CnH2n), alkynes (CnH2n-2)
- Methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), ethene (C2H4), ethyne (C2H2)
Functional Groups
- Hydroxyl group (-OH) in alcohols and phenols
- Carboxyl group (-COOH) in carboxylic acids
- Aldehyde group (-CHO) in aldehydes
- Ketone group (C=O) in ketones
Reactions and Properties
- Combustion: CnH2n + 3n/2 O2 = n CO2 + n H2O
- Addition reactions: unsaturated compounds add atoms across double/triple bonds
- Esterification: alcohol + carboxylic acid = ester + water
- Saponification: ester + base = alcohol + salt
Key Terms
- Catenation: Ability of carbon to bond with itself forming long chains
- Functional Group: Atom or group of atoms that determines properties of organic compounds
- Isomer: Compounds with same molecular formula but different structural arrangements
Frequently Asked Questions
Why does carbon form so many compounds?
Carbon has 4 valence electrons, can form 4 covalent bonds, exhibits catenation, and can form single, double, and triple bonds with other atoms.
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons?
Saturated hydrocarbons have only single bonds (alkanes), while unsaturated hydrocarbons have double or triple bonds (alkenes and alkynes).
More Class 10 Science Revision Notes
- Chemical Reactions and Equations
- Acids Bases and Salts
- Metals and Non-metals
- Life Processes
- Control and Coordination
- How do Organisms Reproduce
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