Carbon and Its Compounds — Karnataka (SSLC) Class 10 Science Solutions (Free)
Free step-by-step Karnataka (SSLC) Class 10 Science solutions for "Carbon and Its Compounds" — important questions with detailed answers, download PDF for board exam preparation.
TL;DR: Free step-by-step Karnataka (SSLC) Class 10 Science solutions for "Carbon and Its Compounds" — important questions with detailed answers, download PDF…
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Q1: Why is carbon considered special? Name five properties that make it unique.
Carbon is special due to: 1) Tetravalency: forms 4 bonds (C can bond with H, O, N, S). 2) Catenation: forms long chains (C-C bonds). 3) Polymorphism: exists as diamond, graphite, buckminsterfullerene. 4) Small size: allows strong bonds. 5) Forms diverse compounds (millions of organic compounds exist). These properties enable chemistry of life itself.
Q2: What is covalent bonding? How is it different from ionic bonding?
Covalent bonding: atoms share electrons to achieve stable configuration (C-C, C-H, O=O). Examples: CO2, CH4, O2. Differs from ionic bonding where electrons are transferred (Na+Cl-, Ca2+O2-). Covalent: non-polar (if symmetrical) or polar (if asymmetrical); localized electrons; low melting point; non-conducting. Ionic: conducted when molten/dissolved due to free ions. Both satisfy octet rule.
Q3: Define hydrocarbons. Classify them and give one example each.
Hydrocarbons = organic compounds containing only C and H. Classified by saturation: 1) Saturated (alkanes): all C-C single bonds, general formula CnH(2n+2) (CH4 methane, C2H6 ethane). 2) Unsaturated (alkenes): contain C=C double bond, CnH(2n) (C2H4 ethene). 3) Unsaturated (alkynes): contain C≡C triple bond, CnH(2n-2) (C2H2 ethyne). Alkenes/alkynes more reactive due to multiple bonds.
Q4: What are functional groups? Name three with their general formulas and examples.
Functional groups = atoms/groups of atoms that determine chemical behavior; same group shows similar reactions. Examples: 1) Hydroxyl (-OH): alcohols like ethanol C2H5OH. 2) Carboxyl (-COOH): carboxylic acids like acetic acid CH3COOH. 3) Aldehyde (-CHO): like formaldehyde HCHO. Each group has characteristic properties (solubility, reactivity, boiling point). Different functional groups on same carbon skeleton give different compounds (isomers).
Q5: What is isomerism? Explain with an example of C4H10.
Isomerism = compounds with same molecular formula but different structural arrangements; have different properties. Example: C4H10 has two isomers: 1) Butane: CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 (linear, bp -0.5°C, bp is higher). 2) Isobutane/2-methylpropane: CH3-CH(CH3)-CH3 (branched, bp -12°C, bp is lower). Same formula, different structures, different boiling points. This explains why hydrocarbons have multiple forms.
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