Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles and Techni — Class 11 Chemistry NCERT Solutions (Free)
Free step-by-step NCERT solutions for Class 11 Chemistry chapter "Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles and Techni" — 8 important questions with detailed answers for CBSE board exam preparation.
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Key Questions Covered:
- What are homologous series? Give characteristics and an example.
- Draw and name the structural isomers of C4H10 (butane)
- What is covalent bond? Explain sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds with examples.
- Explain sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridization with examples.
- What is IUPAC nomenclature? Give rules and name: CH3-CHBr-CH2-CH3
- Classify organic compounds by functional groups. Give examples and properties.
- + 2 more questions in the full chapter
Solutions Summary:
| Question | Status |
|---|---|
| What are homologous series? Give characteristics and an e… | ✓ Solved |
| Draw and name the structural isomers of C4H10 (butane) | ✓ Solved |
| What is covalent bond? Explain sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds… | ✓ Solved |
| Explain sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridization with examples. | ✓ Solved |
| What is IUPAC nomenclature? Give rules and name: CH3-CHBr… | ✓ Solved |
| Classify organic compounds by functional groups. Give exa… | ✓ Solved |
Showing 6 of 8 questions
Q1: What are homologous series? Give characteristics and an example.
Homologous Series: A series of organic compounds with:
1. Same general formula
2. Successive members differing by one CH2 unit
3. Similar chemical properties
4. Gradual change in physical properties
5. Prepared by similar methods
Characteristics:
1. Differ by CH2 (mass difference = 14 amu)
2. Each differs in one methylene group
3. Chemical properties similar but show gradual trends
4. Can show isomerism
5. Increase in molecular weight is regular
Example: Alkane Series (Alkanes)
General formula...
Q2: Draw and name the structural isomers of C4H10 (butane)
Structural isomers of C4H10 have same molecular formula but different structural arrangements:
Isomer 1: n-Butane (Butane)
Structure: CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
Straight chain of 4 carbons
Boiling point: -0.5°C
Isomer 2: 2-Methylpropane (Isobutane)
Structure: CH3
|
CH3-CH-CH3
Central carbon bonded to three methyl groups and one H
Boiling point: -11.6°C
Differences:
1. Different structural arrangements (skeletal isomerism)
2. Different boiling points (isobutane lower)
3. Diff...
Q3: What is covalent bond? Explain sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds with examples.
Covalent Bond: Chemical bond formed by sharing of electrons between two atoms.
Sigma (σ) Bond:
- Strongest type of covalent bond
- Head-on overlap of atomic orbitals (or orbital lobes)
- Electron density concentrated along the internuclear axis
- Free rotation possible around σ bond
- All single bonds are σ bonds
Examples of σ bonds:
- H-H in H2
- C-C in CH3-CH3 (ethane)
- C-H in all organic compounds
- All bonds in saturated compounds
Pi (π) Bond:
- Weaker than σ bond
- Lateral (side-by-side...
Q4: Explain sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridization with examples.
Hybridization: Intermixing of atomic orbitals to form new equivalent hybrid orbitals.
sp Hybridization (Linear):
- 1 s orbital + 1 p orbital mix to form 2 sp hybrid orbitals
- Bond angle: 180°
- Geometry: Linear
- Example: Ethyne (HC≡CH)
Each C atom: sp hybridized
Bonds: C-C is σ bond + 2 π bonds (triple bond)
H-C bonds: σ bonds
Geometry around C: Linear
- Other examples: CO2, HCN, AlCl3
sp2 Hybridization (Trigonal Planar):
- 1 s orbital + 2 p orbitals mix to form 3 sp2 hybrid orbitals...
Q5: What is IUPAC nomenclature? Give rules and name: CH3-CHBr-CH2-CH3
IUPAC Nomenclature: Systematic method to name organic compounds.
Steps:
1. Identify the longest continuous carbon chain
2. Identify the principal functional group
3. Number the chain to give the functional group lowest number
4. Name substituents and their positions
5. Arrange substituents alphabetically
Rules for Alkyl Halides:
- Functional group = halogen (F, Cl, Br, I)
- Use prefix: fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-
- Number carbon chain to give halogen lowest position
- Parent name follows a...
Q6: Classify organic compounds by functional groups. Give examples and properties.
Functional Groups: Specific atoms or groups of atoms in organic molecules responsible for characteristic chemical properties.
1. Alkanes (C-C, C-H single bonds)
Example: CH3CH2CH3 (Propane)
Properties: Non-polar, low reactivity, hydrophobic, combustible
2. Alkenes (C=C double bond)
Example: CH2=CHCH3 (Propene)
Properties: Polar bonds, reactive (addition reactions), unsaturated
3. Alkynes (C≡C triple bond)
Example: HC≡CCH3 (Propyne)
Properties: Reactive, high unsaturation, ac...
Showing 6 of 8 questions. Visit the full page for complete solutions.
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