Environmental Management — Maharashtra (SSC) Class 10 Science Solutions (Free)
Free step-by-step Maharashtra (SSC) Class 10 Science solutions for "Environmental Management" — important questions with detailed answers, download PDF for board exam preparation.
TL;DR: Free step-by-step Maharashtra (SSC) Class 10 Science solutions for "Environmental Management" — important questions with detailed answers, download PD…
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Q1: Define ecosystem and explain its components: biotic, abiotic, food chain, food web.
Ecosystem is a community of organisms (biotic) interacting with their physical environment (abiotic). Biotic: producers (plants), consumers (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores), decomposers. Abiotic: sunlight, water, temperature, soil, atmosphere. Food chain: linear transfer (grass → grasshopper → sparrow → hawk). Food web: interconnected food chains; complex, stable. Energy flows: sun → producers → primary consumers (10% efficient per trophic level) → secondary consumers. Matter cycles: C, N, P,…
Q2: Explain biodiversity: species diversity, genetic diversity, ecosystem diversity, and its importance.
Biodiversity is variety of life at all levels. Species diversity: number of different species (India has 8% of world's species). Genetic diversity: variation within species enabling adaptation. Ecosystem diversity: variety of habitats (forests, wetlands, grasslands). Importance: genetic resources (medicine, crops), ecosystem services (pollination, water purification, climate regulation), aesthetic and ethical values, resilience to disturbances. India is megadiverse with 15-20% of global species …
Q3: What is conservation? Describe in-situ and ex-situ conservation strategies with examples.
Conservation preserves biodiversity and species from extinction. In-situ: protect species in natural habitat through reserves, sanctuaries, national parks. Example: Project Tiger (reserve forests), Western Ghats (biodiversity hotspot), Sundarbans (mangrove ecosystem). Ex-situ: maintain species outside natural habitat in zoos, seed banks, gene banks. Example: Indian rhino breeding programs, botanical gardens, cryopreservation of endangered seeds. Combined approach most effective; in-situ preferre…
Q4: Explain air pollution: sources, major pollutants (SOx, NOx, O3, PM), health effects, and control measures.
Air pollution from vehicles (NO, CO, PM), industries (SO2, heavy metals), burning fossil fuels. Pollutants: SO2 (acid rain), NOx (smog, acid rain), CO (toxic), PM10/PM2.5 (respiratory), O3 (photochemical smog). Health: asthma, bronchitis, lung cancer, reduced visibility. Control: stricter emission standards, catalytic converters, renewable energy, air quality monitoring. India's National Air Quality Index (AQI) categorizes: green (good) to maroon (hazardous). Delhi-NCR among world's most pollute…
Q5: Describe water pollution: types, sources, effects on aquatic life and human health.
Water pollution from industrial effluents (heavy metals, toxic chemicals), agricultural runoff (fertilizers, pesticides), sewage, plastic waste. Types: chemical (arsenic, mercury), biological (pathogenic bacteria), physical (turbidity, temperature). Effects: eutrophication (excess nutrients → algal bloom → hypoxia → fish death), bioaccumulation of pesticides in food chain, waterborne diseases (cholera, typhoid), crop failure. Solutions: sewage treatment plants, strict discharge norms, water qual…
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