Cell Biology and Biotechnology — Maharashtra (SSC) Class 10 Science Solutions (Free)
Free step-by-step Maharashtra (SSC) Class 10 Science solutions for "Cell Biology and Biotechnology" — important questions with detailed answers, download PDF for board exam preparation.
TL;DR: Free step-by-step Maharashtra (SSC) Class 10 Science solutions for "Cell Biology and Biotechnology" — important questions with detailed answers, downl…
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Q1: Describe the structure and function of the cell membrane.
Cell membrane (plasma membrane): Structure - (1) Fluid mosaic model: phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. (2) Selective permeability: hydrophilic heads face outward, hydrophobic tails face inward. (3) Proteins serve as channels, receptors, and enzymes. (4) Cholesterol maintains fluidity. (5) Carbohydrates form glycoproteins and glycolipids. Functions - (1) Controls substance entry and exit. (2) Protects cell contents. (3) Cell recognition and signaling. (4) Maintains osmotic balance.
Q2: What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells (bacteria): (1) No membrane-bound nucleus. (2) No mitochondria or endoplasmic reticulum. (3) Single circular DNA in nucleoid region. (4) Cell wall present (peptidoglycan in bacteria). (5) Smaller - 1-5 micrometers. (6) Reproduce by binary fission. Eukaryotic cells (animals, plants, fungi): (1) Membrane-bound nucleus containing DNA. (2) Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus. (3) Linear DNA organized into chromosomes. (4) Cell wall in plants (cellulose) and fungi (…
Q3: Explain the role of mitochondria in cells.
Mitochondria functions: (1) Powerhouse of the cell - produces ATP through cellular respiration. (2) Process: Glucose oxidation releases energy captured in ATP bonds. (3) Inner membrane has cristae increasing surface area for enzyme activity. (4) Matrix contains enzymes for Krebs cycle. (5) Electron transport chain on inner membrane produces 30-32 ATP per glucose. (6) Regulate calcium levels in cytoplasm. (7) Initiate apoptosis (programmed cell death) when necessary. (8) Have own DNA (mitochondri…
Q4: What is genetic engineering and give two examples of its applications.
Genetic engineering - modification of organism's DNA to introduce desired traits: Process - (1) Isolate gene of interest from source organism. (2) Use restriction enzymes to cut target DNA. (3) Insert gene into plasmid or viral vector. (4) Introduce into host cell. (5) Incorporate into genome. Applications - (1) Insulin production: Human insulin gene inserted into E. coli bacteria, producing pharmaceutical insulin at scale. (2) Disease-resistant crops: Bt cotton with insecticidal protein kills p…
Q5: Describe the process of protein synthesis.
Protein synthesis occurs in two stages: Transcription - (1) Occurs in nucleus. (2) RNA polymerase unwinds DNA double helix. (3) mRNA synthesized complementary to DNA template strand. (4) mRNA leaves nucleus through nuclear pores. Translation - (1) Occurs on ribosomes in cytoplasm. (2) mRNA codons read by tRNA anticodons. (3) Each codon specifies an amino acid. (4) Amino acids bond forming polypeptide chain. (5) Stop codon signals termination. (6) Protein released and folds into functional shape.…
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