Carbon Compounds — Maharashtra (SSC) Class 10 Science Solutions (Free)
Free step-by-step Maharashtra (SSC) Class 10 Science solutions for "Carbon Compounds" — important questions with detailed answers, download PDF for board exam preparation.
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Carbon Compounds — Textbook Questions Answered (7)
Q1: Explain covalent bonding and how it applies to carbon compounds.
In covalent bonding, atoms share electron pairs. Carbon has 4 valence electrons and forms 4 covalent bonds. This allows carbon to bond with itself and other nonmetals (H, O, N, S) to form millions of compounds. C-C bonds allow chain formation; C=C and C≡C bonds create different structures and reactivities. This is why carbon chemistry is so diverse.
Q2: What are hydrocarbons? Classify them and give examples of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes.
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen. Alkanes (CnH2n+2): single C-C bonds, saturated, examples CH4 (methane), C2H6 (ethane), C3H8 (propane). Alkenes (CnH2n): C=C double bonds, unsaturated, examples C2H4 (ethene), C3H6 (propene). Alkynes (CnH2n-2): C≡C triple bonds, examples C2H2 (acetylene).
Q3: Define functional groups and explain hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amino groups.
Functional groups are specific atom groups that determine the chemical properties of organic compounds. Hydroxyl (-OH): found in alcohols, makes them polar and soluble. Carboxyl (-COOH): found in carboxylic acids, acidic due to H+ release. Amino (-NH2): found in amines and proteins, basic character. Each group imparts distinct reactivity and properties.
Q4: What are polymers? Explain addition and condensation polymerization with examples.
Polymers are large molecules made of repeating monomer units. Addition polymerization: monomers add directly without loss of atoms. Example: n(C2H4) → (-CH2-CH2-)n (polyethene). Condensation polymerization: monomers join with loss of small molecules like H2O. Example: formation of nylon (condensation of diamines and dicarboxylic acids). Uses: plastics, fibers, elastomers.
Q5: What is isomerism in organic compounds? Explain structural isomers with an example.
Isomerism is when compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements. Structural isomers have different arrangements of atoms. Example: C4H10 exists as n-butane (straight chain) and isobutane or 2-methylpropane (branched). These isomers have different boiling points and chemical properties despite the same molecular formula.
Q6: Explain the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single C-C and C-H bonds. They are alkanes (CnH2n+2), unreactive to bromine water, combustible, examples: hexane, octane. Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain C=C or C≡C double or triple bonds. They are alkenes and alkynes, decolorize bromine water, more reactive, examples: ethene, acetylene. Unsaturated compounds undergo addition reactions.
Q7: What are nomenclature rules for organic compounds? Name the compounds CH3CH2CH3 and CH3CH=CH2.
IUPAC nomenclature: identify the longest carbon chain, number from the end nearest a double/triple bond or substituent, name functional groups and positions. CH3CH2CH3 is propane (3 carbons, all single bonds). CH3CH=CH2 is propene or prop-1-ene (3 carbons with C=C at position 1). Rules ensure unique names for each compound.
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