Class 10 Physics & Numerics Formula Sheet (PDF) — All Important Formulas Free
Free class 10 physics & numerics formula sheet — all 31 key formulas on one page, downloadable as PDF for fast revision before CBSE board exams. No signup.
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Essential physics formulas for CBSE Class 10 Science. Covers optics, electricity, magnetism, and human eye. All SI units.
Light & Mirrors
Formula
Expression
Mirror Formula
1/f = 1/u + 1/v — f = focal length, u = object distance, v = image distance. Sign convention: real (+), virtual (-)
Magnification (Mirror)
m = -v/u = h'/h — h = object height, h' = image height. m negative = inverted image
Focal Length
f = R/2 — R = radius of curvature. Concave mirror f > 0, convex f < 0
Lenses
Formula
Expression
Lens Formula
1/f = 1/u + 1/v — Same as mirrors. Convex lens f > 0, concave f < 0
Magnification (Lens)
m = v/u = h'/h — For lenses, m positive = erect, m negative = inverted
Power of Lens
P = 1/f (in metres) — P in diopters (D). 1 D = 1 m⁻¹
Lens Maker's Formula
1/f = (n-1)[1/R₁ - 1/R₂] — n = refractive index, R₁ & R₂ = radii of curvature
Electricity & Ohm's Law
Formula
Expression
Ohm's Law
V = IR — V = potential difference (V), I = current (A), R = resistance (Ω)
Resistivity
R = ρL/A — ρ = resistivity (Ω⋅m), L = length (m), A = cross-section (m²)
Resistances in Series
Rₜₒₜₐₗ = R₁ + R₂ + R₃ — Same current through all, voltages add
Resistances in Parallel
1/Rₜₒₜₐₗ = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + 1/R₃ — Same voltage across all, currents add
Electric Power
P = VI = I²R = V²/R — P in watts (W). Thermal energy = Pt = VIt
Joule's Law
H = I²Rt — H = heat energy (J), t = time (s)
Magnetic Effects of Current
Formula
Expression
Magnetic Field (Straight Wire)
B = μ₀I/(2πr) — B in tesla (T), r = distance from wire, μ₀ = 4π×10⁻⁷ T⋅m/A
Magnetic Field (Circular Coil)
B = μ₀nI/2 — n = number of turns per unit length, I = current
Force on Current-Carrying Wire
F = BIL sin θ — B = magnetic field (T), L = length of wire (m), θ = angle with B
Fleming's Left-Hand Rule
F = BIL (perpendicular to both B and I) — Thumb = force, Index = field (→), Middle = current (I)
Human Eye & Vision
Formula
Expression
Power of Accommodation
P = Pf - Pn — Power change when eye shifts from far to near point. Pf = far, Pn = near
Near Point & Far Point
Near point ≈ 25 cm (for normal eye) — Far point ≈ ∞. Both shift with age (presbyopia)
n₁ sin θ₁ = n₂ sin θ₂ — n = refractive index, θ = angle of incidence/refraction
Critical Angle
sin θc = n₂/n₁ (when n₁ > n₂) — θc = critical angle. Total internal reflection occurs at θ > θc
Refractive Index
n = c/v — c = speed of light in vacuum (3×10⁸ m/s), v = speed in medium
Kinematics (Motion) Basics
Formula
Expression
Speed & Velocity
v = s/t (average), v = ds/dt (instantaneous) — s = distance (m), t = time (s)
Acceleration
a = (v - u)/t — u = initial velocity, v = final velocity
Equation of Motion 1
v = u + at — Linear motion with constant acceleration
Equation of Motion 2
s = ut + ½at² — Displacement, u = initial velocity
Forces & Work
Formula
Expression
Newton's Second Law
F = ma — F = force (N), m = mass (kg), a = acceleration (m/s²)
Work Done
W = Fs cos θ — F = force, s = displacement, θ = angle between F and s
Kinetic Energy
Ek = ½mv² — m = mass, v = velocity
Potential Energy (Gravity)
Ep = mgh — m = mass, g = 10 m/s² (or 9.8), h = height
FAQs
When to use mirror formula vs lens formula?
Both use 1/f = 1/u + 1/v, but sign conventions differ. Mirrors: real (+), virtual (-). Lenses: always use the same rule. Check focal length sign: concave/convex mirror, convex/concave lens.
What's the difference between magnification signs in mirrors vs lenses?
Mirrors: m = -v/u (negative = inverted). Lenses: m = v/u (positive = erect). Negative m means real, inverted image in both cases.
How do I remember Ohm's law relationships?
V = IR is the main law. Power = VI = I²R = V²/R. Heat (Joule) = I²Rt. Keep a triangle: V at top, I and R at bottom.