Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell, producing ATP (energy) through cellular respiration. Understanding mitochondrial structure is essential fo
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What is the difference between the matrix and the intermembrane space in mitochondria?
The matrix is the innermost compartment enclosed by the inner membrane; it contains the Krebs cycle enzymes and mitochondrial ribosomes. The intermembrane space is the region between the outer and inner membranes; it accumulates protons (H+ ions) pumped by the electron transport chain, creating the proton gradient used for ATP synthesis.
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How does the proton gradient drive ATP synthesis?
The electron transport chain pumps protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space, creating a concentration gradient (high protons outside, low inside). ATP synthase is an enzyme that allows protons to flow back into the matrix along the gradient. The kinetic energy of this flow is captured to phosphorylate ADP, producing ATP.
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Why is mitochondrial DNA inherited maternally?
Mitochondria are inherited from the egg cell (mother) during fertilization. The sperm contributes almost no cytoplasm or mitochondria to the zygote. Therefore, mitochondrial DNA is maternally inherited and is useful for tracing maternal lineage in ancestry studies.
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