Chemical bonds are forces holding atoms together in molecules and compounds. Understanding bonding explains why atoms combine, how molecules are struc
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Why do ionic compounds conduct electricity in solution but not in solid form?
In solid ionic compounds, ions are fixed in a crystal lattice and cannot move, so no current flows. When dissolved in water, ions are free to move and carry electric current. Similarly, molten ionic compounds conduct because ions can move in the liquid state.
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What is the difference between a polar and nonpolar covalent bond?
Both are covalent bonds with shared electron pairs. In a nonpolar bond, the electronegativity difference is small and electrons are shared equally. In a polar bond, the difference is larger and electrons are pulled toward the more electronegative atom, creating a dipole.
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Why is diamond so hard while graphite is soft?
Diamond has covalent bonds in all directions, forming a very strong 3D structure. Graphite has covalent bonds within layers but weaker forces between layers. This layered structure allows planes to slide past each other, making graphite soft and suitable as a lubricant.
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